Social inequities in food deserts and food swamps in a northeastern Brazilian capital.

This study identified food deserts and swamps, investigating their associations with socioeconomic and demographic conditions. This ecological study was conducted using data from urban census tracts in the city of Recife, which were considered the unit of analysis. Information on food retail was obtained from government sources in 2019. Census tracts below the 25th percentile in the density of healthy food retail (i.e., those that predominantly sell natural or minimally processed foods, mixed businesses, and super- and hypermarkets) were classified as food deserts. Census tracts above the 25th percentile in the density of unhealthy food retail (i.e., those selling primarily ultra-processed foods) were considered food swamps. The socioeconomic and demographic conditions of the census tracts were evaluated using variables from the 2010 census (per capita income, average income, race, literacy of the head of household, and the availability of essential services) and the Health Vulnerability Index. Census tracts considered food deserts (28.5%) were more vulnerable, characterized by lower income and access to essential services, more illiterate residents and more minorities (Black/Indigenous/mixed race). Food swamps (73.47%) were more prevalent in less vulnerable neighbourhoods characterized by higher percentages of literate residents and Whites, greater purchasing power, and better basic sanitation. The characteristics of Recife's food deserts and swamps demonstrate social inequalities in the food environment. Public facilities could play a vital role in promoting healthy eating within food deserts. Additionally, future implementation of taxes on ultra-processed foods and the provision of tax subsidies to natural or minimally processed food sellers might contribute to fostering healthier dietary choices.

Social inequities in the food retail patterns around schools in Recife, Brazil.

This study aimed to describe the community food environment surrounding schools and its association with territorial socio-environmental vulnerability in the city with the highest intraurban social inequity index in Brazil. METHODS: this ecological observational study includes data on the presence and type of food retail in a 400 m buffer surrounding public and private schools in Recife. We have also described the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) of census tracts and conducted multivariate analyses. RESULTS: through factor analysis, we observed two grouping patterns of food retail. The "diverse food outlets" pattern was positively associated with middle HVI (ß 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.11; 0.16) and higher HVI areas (ß 0.15, 95%CI - 0.11; 0.17), while "the large food retail chains" pattern was inversely associated with middle HVI (ß -0.42, 95% CI - 0.53; -0.30) and high HVI areas (ß -0.32, 95%CI - 0.45; -0.18) and positively associated with private schools (ß 0.15, 95%CI - 0.030; 0.27). CONCLUSION: the greatest variety in food retail is in high HVI areas, and large food retail chains prevail around private schools, especially in low HVI areas.

Social inequities in the food retail patterns around schools in Recife, Brazil / Desigualdades sociais no padrão do varejo de alimentos no entorno de escolas em Recife, Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to describe the community food environment surrounding schools and its association with territorial socio-environmental vulnerability in the city with the highest intraurban social inequity index in Brazil. Methods: this ecological observational study includes data on the presence and type of food retail in a 400 m buffer surrounding public and private schools in Recife. We have also described the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) of census tracts and conducted multivariate analyses. Results: through factor analysis, we observed two grouping patterns of food retail. The "diverse food outlets" pattern was positively associated with middle HVI (β 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.11; 0.16) and higher HVI areas (β 0.15, 95%CI - 0.11; 0.17), while "the large food retail chains" pattern was inversely associated with middle HVI (β -0.42, 95% CI - 0.53; -0.30) and high HVI areas (β -0.32, 95%CI - 0.45; -0.18) and positively associated with private schools (β 0.15, 95%CI - 0.030; 0.27). Conclusion: the greatest variety in food retail is in high HVI areas, and large food retail chains prevail around private schools, especially in low HVI areas.

Resumo Este trabalho objetivou descrever o ambiente alimentar comunitário no entorno das escolas e sua associação com a vulnerabilidade socioambiental territorial na cidade com maior índice de desigualdade social intraurbana do Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico observacional, inclui dados sobre a presença e o tipo de varejo de alimentos em uma área de 400 m no entorno de escolas públicas e privadas de Recife. Descrevemos o Índice de Vulnerabilidade à Saúde (IVS) dos setores censitários e realizamos análises multivariadas. Resultados: por meio da análise fatorial, observamos dois padrões de agrupamento de estabelecimentos. O padrão "Diversos pontos de venda de alimentos" foi associado positivamente com IVS médio (β 0,14; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95% - 0,11; 0,16) e áreas de IVS mais alto (β 0,15; IC95% - 0,11; 0,17), enquanto o padrão "Grandes redes varejistas de alimentos" foi inversamente associado às áreas de IVS médio (β -0,42; IC95% - 0,53; -0,30) e alto IVS (β -0,32; IC95% - 0,45; -0,18) e positivamente associado com escolas particulares (β 0,15; IC95% - 0,030; 0,27). Conclusão: a maior variedade de estabelecimentos está em áreas de alto IVS, e grandes redes varejistas de alimentos predominam no entorno de escolas particulares, especialmente em áreas de baixo IVS.

Racial disparities in lifestyle habits and dietary patterns in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: To evaluate lifestyle habits and dietary patterns among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their association with skin color. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1315 undergraduate students from a public higher education institution. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and food consumption were collected. Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to estimate the associations between race/skin color and outcomes. Results: Black individuals were less likely to show behaviors associated with the use of cigarettes or tobacco products (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.42-0.89). However, black individuals with higher income (greater than, or equal to one minimum wage per person) were less likely to show behaviors associated with illicit drug use (OR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.31-0.96), use of cigarettes or tobacco products (OR = 0.46; 95% CI 0.24-0.87) and alcohol consumption (OR = 0.64; CI 95% 0.42-0.98). In addition, individuals of race/skin color black with lower income (less than one minimum wage per person) showed decreased consumption of vegetables (OR = 0.68; CI 95% 0.48-0.96). Conclusions: Black college students with higher income were less likely to show undesirable behaviors related to the use of psychoactive substances. In contrast, individuals with lower income had lower consumption of foods from the vegetable group, which can be considered an unfavorable health-related behavior.

Association between the community food environment and dietary patterns in residents of areas of different socio-economic levels of a southern capital city in Brazil.

This study aimed to verify the association between the community food environment and dietary patterns in a population of different socio-economic levels. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 400 adults and elderly aged between 20 and 70 years residing in the central area of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Four dietary patterns were explored: healthy, traditional Brazilian, refined carbohydrates and sugars, and fast food. The community food environment included the identification of all food stores by areas where individuals lived and auditing based on the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores (NEMS-S) score. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95 % CI. After the adjustment for individual sociodemographic characteristics, residents of the area with the best community food environment (highest NEMS-S score) had 12 % and 18 % lower probabilities of high consumption (upper tertile) of the traditional (PR = 0·88; 95 % CI (0·78, 0·98)) and refined carbohydrate and sugar (PR = 0·82; 95 % CI (0·73, 0·92)) dietary patterns, respectively, compared with those living in the area with the worst community food environment (lowest NEMS-S score). Healthy and fast-food dietary patterns showed no association with the community food environment. In conclusion, the community food environment is a factor associated with the consumption of certain dietary patterns, independent of individual sociodemographic characteristics. Thus, aspects of the community food environment become important in food and nutrition actions and policies aimed at health promotion.

Association between dietary patterns and socioeconomic factors and food environment in a city in the South of Brazil. / Associação entre padrões alimentares com fatores socioeconômicos e ambiente alimentar em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and demographic and socioeconomic factors and the food environment among adults and older persons in a city in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study with people of both sexes aged between 20 and 70 years. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Four dietary patterns were identified: Healthy; Traditional; Refined Carbs and Sugars; and Fast Food. Positive associations were found between being female and higher income and the Healthy dietary pattern; being black or brown and living in a household with at least six members and the Traditional and Refined Carbs and Sugars patterns; and higher education and the fast-food dietary pattern. Having main meals at home was associated with the Traditional pattern and having lunch or dinner away from home was the associated with Refined Carbs and Sugars and fast-food patterns. Lower socioeconomic status leads to higher consumption of the Traditional and/or Refined Carbs and Sugars dietary patterns, while higher socioeconomic status appears to enable individuals to choose between healthy or fast-food patterns.

Objetivou-se estudar a associação entre padrão alimentar, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e o ambiente alimentar em uma população de adultos e idosos de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com pessoas de ambos os sexos e idade entre 20 e 70 anos. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por meio da análise de componentes principais. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para estimar as razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%). Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados: saudável, tradicional, carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Encontraram-se associações positivas entre: sexo feminino e maior renda com o padrão alimentar saudável; cor da pele preta ou parda e domicílios com seis ou mais moradores com padrões alimentares tradicional e carboidratos e açúcares refinados; maior escolaridade com o padrão fast food. Realizar as principais refeições em casa associou-se ao padrão tradicional, e almoço ou jantar fora do domicílio com os padrões carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Posição socioeconômica mais baixa leva ao maior consumo do padrão alimentar tradicional e/ou rico em carboidratos e açúcares, e uma posição socioeconômica mais elevada parece permitir uma escolha entre padrão saudável ou fast food.

Associação entre padrões alimentares com fatores socioeconômicos e ambiente alimentar em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil / Association between dietary patterns and socioeconomic factors and food environment in a city in the South of Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se estudar a associação entre padrão alimentar, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e o ambiente alimentar em uma população de adultos e idosos de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com pessoas de ambos os sexos e idade entre 20 e 70 anos. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por meio da análise de componentes principais. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para estimar as razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%). Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados: saudável, tradicional, carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Encontraram-se associações positivas entre: sexo feminino e maior renda com o padrão alimentar saudável; cor da pele preta ou parda e domicílios com seis ou mais moradores com padrões alimentares tradicional e carboidratos e açúcares refinados; maior escolaridade com o padrão fast food. Realizar as principais refeições em casa associou-se ao padrão tradicional, e almoço ou jantar fora do domicílio com os padrões carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Posição socioeconômica mais baixa leva ao maior consumo do padrão alimentar tradicional e/ou rico em carboidratos e açúcares, e uma posição socioeconômica mais elevada parece permitir uma escolha entre padrão saudável ou fast food.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and demographic and socioeconomic factors and the food environment among adults and older persons in a city in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study with people of both sexes aged between 20 and 70 years. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Four dietary patterns were identified: Healthy; Traditional; Refined Carbs and Sugars; and Fast Food. Positive associations were found between being female and higher income and the Healthy dietary pattern; being black or brown and living in a household with at least six members and the Traditional and Refined Carbs and Sugars patterns; and higher education and the fast-food dietary pattern. Having main meals at home was associated with the Traditional pattern and having lunch or dinner away from home was the associated with Refined Carbs and Sugars and fast-food patterns. Lower socioeconomic status leads to higher consumption of the Traditional and/or Refined Carbs and Sugars dietary patterns, while higher socioeconomic status appears to enable individuals to choose between healthy or fast-food patterns.

Alimentação do Trabalhador: uma avaliação em indústrias no nordeste do Brasil / Workers Nutrition: an evaluation in industries in north-eastern Brazil

Resumo Objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador sob a ótica de gestores, nutricionistas e a alimentação oferecida em indústrias da Região Metropolitana do Recife. Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foi aplicado questionário estruturado com 40 gestores e 40 nutricionistas acerca dos seus conhecimentos sobre o programa e o cumprimento das atribuições exigidas por ele. Também foi avaliada a qualidade nutricional dos cardápios. Entre os gestores e os nutricionistas, 22,5% e 72,5% não sabiam do cadastro no programa e das suas exigências nutricionais, respectivamente. Grande parte dos nutricionistas e gestores relacionou o programa a uma exigência da legislação trabalhista. Nenhum respondente conhecia a obrigatoriedade de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional, mesmo assim, 55% dos serviços realizavam ações educativas e 25% realiza avaliação nutricional dos trabalhadores. Observou-se que apesar da oferta de bebidas naturais, frutas e folhosos diariamente, também há oferta diária de diversos produtos ultraprocessados, principalmente doces e bebidas artificiais. O estudo evidenciou o pouco conhecimento dos gestores e dos nutricionistas sobre os objetivos do programa bem como a sua insipiente execução.

Abstract The scope of this article is to evaluate the Worker Food Program from the viewpoint of managers, nutritionists and the food offered in industries of the Metropolitan Region of Recife. It consisted of a cross-sectional study. A structured questionnaire was filled out by 40 managers and 40 nutritionists regarding their knowledge about the program and compliance with the tasks required by it. The nutritional quality of the menus was also evaluated. Among the managers and nutritionists, 22.5% and 72.5%, respectively, did not know about the enrolment in the program and the nutritional requirements involved. Most nutritionists and managers related the program to a labor law requirement. None of the respondents knew about the mandatory food and nutritional education actions, even though 55% of the services involved educational actions and 25% performed nutritional assessment of the workers. It was found that, despite the daily supply of natural beverages, fruit and leafy vegetables, there is also a daily supply of various ultra-processed products, especially sweet foods and artificial beverages. The study revealed the lack of knowledge of managers and nutritionists about the objectives of the program as well as its incipient execution.

[Worker's Nutrition: an evaluation in industries in north-eastern Brazil]. / Alimentação do Trabalhador: uma avaliação em indústrias no nordeste do Brasil.

The scope of this article is to evaluate the Worker Food Program from the viewpoint of managers, nutritionists and the food offered in industries of the Metropolitan Region of Recife. It consisted of a cross-sectional study. A structured questionnaire was filled out by 40 managers and 40 nutritionists regarding their knowledge about the program and compliance with the tasks required by it. The nutritional quality of the menus was also evaluated. Among the managers and nutritionists, 22.5% and 72.5%, respectively, did not know about the enrolment in the program and the nutritional requirements involved. Most nutritionists and managers related the program to a labor law requirement. None of the respondents knew about the mandatory food and nutritional education actions, even though 55% of the services involved educational actions and 25% performed nutritional assessment of the workers. It was found that, despite the daily supply of natural beverages, fruit and leafy vegetables, there is also a daily supply of various ultra-processed products, especially sweet foods and artificial beverages. The study revealed the lack of knowledge of managers and nutritionists about the objectives of the program as well as its incipient execution.

Objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador sob a ótica de gestores, nutricionistas e a alimentação oferecida em indústrias da Região Metropolitana do Recife. Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foi aplicado questionário estruturado com 40 gestores e 40 nutricionistas acerca dos seus conhecimentos sobre o programa e o cumprimento das atribuições exigidas por ele. Também foi avaliada a qualidade nutricional dos cardápios. Entre os gestores e os nutricionistas, 22,5% e 72,5% não sabiam do cadastro no programa e das suas exigências nutricionais, respectivamente. Grande parte dos nutricionistas e gestores relacionou o programa a uma exigência da legislação trabalhista. Nenhum respondente conhecia a obrigatoriedade de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional, mesmo assim, 55% dos serviços realizavam ações educativas e 25% realiza avaliação nutricional dos trabalhadores. Observou-se que apesar da oferta de bebidas naturais, frutas e folhosos diariamente, também há oferta diária de diversos produtos ultraprocessados, principalmente doces e bebidas artificiais. O estudo evidenciou o pouco conhecimento dos gestores e dos nutricionistas sobre os objetivos do programa bem como a sua insipiente execução.

Iniquidades sociais no consumo alimentar no Brasil: uma revisão crítica dos inquéritos nacionais / Social inequities in food consumption in Brazil: a critical review of the national surveys

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a associação entre posição socioeconômica e o consumo alimentar entre os brasileiros para poder compreender como os grandes inquéritos nacionais estão contribuindo na identificação de desigualdades sociais e ecológicas neste último. Revisão sistemática da literatura de publicações que analisaram a relação entre posição socioeconômica e consumo alimentar nos grandes inquéritos nacionais. A definição de posição socioeconômica, seleção das suas variáveis indicadoras e a análise crítica de sua operacionalização basearam-se na epidemiologia ecossocial. Indivíduos em menor posição socioeconômica - cor da pele/raça parda ou negra, menor escolaridade e renda e de áreas rurais - têm menor probabilidade de consumir uma alimentação diversificada e saudável. Já os efeitos do gênero e da situação conjugal só poderiam ser melhor compreendidos com um recorte social. As variáveis de posição socioeconômica formam uma complexa teia de causalidade que ajuda a explicar a determinação do consumo alimentar dos brasileiros e a denunciar as iniquidades sociais na alimentação e nutrição. Há a necessidade de maior clareza conceitual a respeito da medição dos parâmetros para alcançar maior precisão sobre as causas das desigualdades sociais em alimentação.

[Social inequities in food consumption in Brazil: a critical review of the national surveys]. / Iniquidades sociais no consumo alimentar no Brasil: uma revisão crítica dos inquéritos nacionais.

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a associação entre posição socioeconômica e o consumo alimentar entre os brasileiros para poder compreender como os grandes inquéritos nacionais estão contribuindo na identificação de desigualdades sociais e ecológicas neste último. Revisão sistemática da literatura de publicações que analisaram a relação entre posição socioeconômica e consumo alimentar nos grandes inquéritos nacionais. A definição de posição socioeconômica, seleção das suas variáveis indicadoras e a análise crítica de sua operacionalização basearam-se na epidemiologia ecossocial. Indivíduos em menor posição socioeconômica - cor da pele/raça parda ou negra, menor escolaridade e renda e de áreas rurais - têm menor probabilidade de consumir uma alimentação diversificada e saudável. Já os efeitos do gênero e da situação conjugal só poderiam ser melhor compreendidos com um recorte social. As variáveis de posição socioeconômica formam uma complexa teia de causalidade que ajuda a explicar a determinação do consumo alimentar dos brasileiros e a denunciar as iniquidades sociais na alimentação e nutrição. Há a necessidade de maior clareza conceitual a respeito da medição dos parâmetros para alcançar maior precisão sobre as causas das desigualdades sociais em alimentação.

Tendência temporal da prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica no Brasil / Time trend in the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension in Brazil / Tendencia temporal de la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial sistémica en Brasil

Analisar as prevalências de hipertensão arterial referida por adultos brasileiros acima de 20 anos, e verificar as variáveis socioeconômicas associadas em três períodos de tempo. Os dados são da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) nos anos de 1998 (196.439 participantes), 2003 (231.921) e 2008 (250.664). O desfecho era hipertensão arterial referida. As exposições principais eram renda em Reais e escolaridade em anos de estudos. A análise dos dados foi feita usando-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta com controle para amostras complexas. Maiores prevalências de hipertensão arterial foram encontradas em pessoas com menor escolaridade, independentemente dos anos estudados e do sexo. Baixa renda esteve associada a maiores prevalências de hipertensão arterial independentemente dos anos estudados na amostra total e nas mulheres. Dentre os homens, esse efeito não foi verificado nos anos de 1998 e 2003. Já em 2008, homens de alta renda apresentaram maiores prevalências de hipertensão arterial, sugerindo modificação de efeito. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho apontou o aumento das prevalências de hipertensão arterial nos períodos estudados, destacando sua associação negativa com aspectos socioeconômicos.

The objectives were to analyze the prevalence of arterial hypertension reported by Brazilian adults over 20 years of age and verify associated socioeconomic variables in three time periods. The data are from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 1998 (196,439 participants), 2003 (231,921), and 2008 (250,664). The outcome was self-reported arterial hypertension. The principal exposures were income in Reais and schooling in years. Data analysis used Poisson regression with robust variance with control for complex samples. Higher prevalence of arterial hypertension was associated with lower schooling, regardless of the survey year and gender. Low income was associated with higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, regardless of years of schooling, in the overall sample and in women. In men, this effect was not observed in 1998 and 2003. In 2008, high-income men showed higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, suggesting effect modification. Thus, the current study pointed to an increase in prevalence rates for arterial hypertension in the three periods, highlighting the inverse association with socioeconomic factors.

El estudio analiza las prevalencias de hipertensión arterial, referidas por adultos brasileños con más de 20 años, y verifica las variables socioeconómicas asociadas durante tres períodos de tiempo. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional por Muestra de Domicilios (PNAD), realizada por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), durante los años 1998 (196.439 participantes), 2003 (231.921) y 2008 (250.664). El resultado fue la hipertensión arterial mencionada. Las exposiciones principales eran renta en reales y escolaridad en años de estudios. El análisis de los datos fue realizado usándose la regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta con control para muestras complejas. Mayores prevalencias de hipertensión arterial se encontraron en personas con menor escolaridad, independientemente de los años estudiados y del sexo. La baja renta estuvo asociada a mayores prevalencias de hipertensión arterial, independientemente de los años estudiados en la muestra total y en las mujeres. Entre los hombres, ese efecto no se verificó durante los años 1998 y 2003. Ya en 2008, hombres con renta alta presentaron mayores prevalencias de hipertensión arterial, sugiriendo la modificación de efecto. De esta forma, el presente trabajo apuntó el aumento de las prevalencias de hipertensión arterial durante los períodos estudiados, destacando su asociación negativa con aspectos socioeconómicos.

Association between work shift and the practice of physical activity among workers of a poultry processing plant in Southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The regular practice of physical activity (PA) has been associated with better health. In addition, job characteristics may determine the PA behaviours of employees, including the work shift. However, relatively few studies have examined the PA behaviour among shift workers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between work shift and the practice of PA among workers of a poultry processing plant in Southern Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1206 workers (786 females), ages 18 to 50, working in shifts on a production line that operates 24 hours/day. Workers who engaged in more than 150 minutes/week of PA were considered active. Multivariate analyses were conducted using Poisson regression and all analyses were stratified by gender. RESULTS: Of the total participants studied, 36% (95%CI: 33-39) were considered active and the sociodemographic characteristics associated with PA differed among males and females. Regarding work shift, night shift workers had higher prevalence of PA. However, increased PA was significantly associated with work shift particularly among females. After controlling for potential confounders, women who worked during the night shift were approximately 30% more active than those who worked during the day (PR[prevalence ratio]= 1.32;95%CI: 1.07-1.62;p=0.010). CONCLUSIONS: This study found a low prevalence of PA among the workers and indicated a significantly association between work shift and PA. Working at night was positively associated with regular PA, particularly among females. These results contribute for initiatives that aim to increase PA among the workers, take into account the job characteristics and gender differences.

Introducción: La práctica regular de actividad física (AF) se ha asociado con una mejor salud. Además, las características del trabajo se pueden determinar las conductas de la AF de los trabajadores, incluyendo el turno de trabajo. Sin embargo, relativamente pocos estudios han examinado el comportamiento AF entre los trabajadores por turnos. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la asociación entre turno de trabajo y la práctica de la AF entre los trabajadores de una planta de procesamiento de aves en el sur de Brasil. Métodos: Un estudio transversal se llevó a cabo con 1.206 trabajadores (786 mujeres), con edades entre 18 a 50 años, trabajando en turnos de una línea de producción que funciona las 24 horas/día. Los trabajadores que han participado en más de 150 minutos/semana de AF se consideraron activos. Se realizó un análisis multivariante mediante regresión de Poisson y todos los análisis se estratificó por sexo. Resultados: De los participantes en el estudio, el 36% (IC del 95%: 33-39) se consideraron activas y las características sociodemográficas asociadas con AF difirieron entre machos y hembras. En cuanto a los turnos de trabajo, los trabajadores del turno de noche tenían mayor prevalencia de la AF. Sin embargo, el aumento de la AF se asoció significativamente con el trabajo por turnos sobre todo entre las mujeres. Después de ajustar por factores de confusión, las mujeres que trabajaban en el turno de la noche fueron aproximadamente un 30% más activos que los que han trabajado durante el día (PR[razón de prevalencia]=1,32;IC del 95%: 1,07-1,62;p=0,010). Conclusiones: Este estudio encontró una baja prevalencia de PA entre los trabajadores e indicó una asociación significativa entre el trabajo por turnos y AF. Trabajar de noche se asoció positivamente con la AF regular, especialmente entre las mujeres. Estos resultados contribuyen a las iniciativas para aumentar la AF entre los trabajadores, teniendo en cuenta las características de las diferencias laborales y de género.

Focused Principal Component Analysis: a graphical method for exploring dietary patterns.

The aim of the present study was to introduce Focused Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) as a novel exploratory method for providing insight into dietary patterns that emerge based on a given characteristic of the sample. To demonstrate the use of FPCA, we used a database of 1,968 adults. Food intake was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire covering 26 food items. The focus variables used for analysis were age, income, and schooling. All analyses were carried out using R software. The graphs generated show evidence of socioeconomic inequities in dietary patterns. Intake of whole-wheat foods, fruit, and vegetables was positively correlated with income and schooling, whereas for refined cereals, animal fats (lard), and white bread this correlation was negative. Age was inversely associated with intake of fast-food and processed foods and directly associated with a pattern that included fruit, green salads, and other vegetables. In an easy and direct fashion, FPCA allowed us to visualize dietary patterns based on a given focus variable.

Focused Principal Component Analysis: a graphical method for exploring dietary patterns / Análise de Componente Principal Focada: um método gráfico para explorar padrões alimentares

The aim of the present study was to introduce Focused Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) as a novel exploratory method for providing insight into dietary patterns that emerge based on a given characteristic of the sample. To demonstrate the use of FPCA, we used a database of 1,968 adults. Food intake was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire covering 26 food items. The focus variables used for analysis were age, income, and schooling. All analyses were carried out using R software. The graphs generated show evidence of socioeconomic inequities in dietary patterns. Intake of whole-wheat foods, fruit, and vegetables was positively correlated with income and schooling, whereas for refined cereals, animal fats (lard), and white bread this correlation was negative. Age was inversely associated with intake of fast-food and processed foods and directly associated with a pattern that included fruit, green salads, and other vegetables. In an easy and direct fashion, FPCA allowed us to visualize dietary patterns based on a given focus variable.

O presente estudo teve objetivo de apresentar a Análise de Componentes Principais Focada (ACPF) como um método exploratório para investigar padrões alimentares a partir de características da amostra. Para exemplificar utilizou-se as variáveis idade, renda e escolaridade de um banco de dados de 1.968 adultos. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) com 26 itens alimentares. As análises foram realizadas no programa R. Os gráficos gerados evidenciaram iniquidades socioeconômicas na conformação dos padrões alimentares. Alimentos integrais, frutas e verduras foram diretamente correlacionados com renda e escolaridade, e cereais refinados, gordura animal e pão branco tiveram associação inversa. A idade mostrou-se como associada inversamente a alimentos fast-food e industrializados e, diretamente, a um padrão "saudável" que inclui frutas, salada verde e outros vegetais. De maneira fácil e direta, a ACPF permitiu a visualização de correlações entre alimentos a partir de variáveis escolhidas como foco.